A raiva em crianças é um problema crescente, com relatos que apontam um aumento de 300% na agressividade infantil nos últimos 30 anos. Segundo estudos recentes, até 40% das crianças têm dificuldade para lidar com a raiva.
Estima-se que quase 8% das crianças menores de seis anos apresentem episódios de raiva frequentes, intensos e fora de controle. De forma alarmante, estudos constataram que uma em cada cinco crianças com dificuldade para lidar com a raiva acabará desenvolvendo um transtorno mental passível de diagnóstico.
A raiva na infância pode ter consequências graves, e pesquisas a associam a dificuldades escolares, isolamento social e até problemas de saúde física.
De birras a explosões de agressividade física, a raiva na infância pode assumir muitas formas e ter diversas causas. Embora algumas crianças possam superar as dificuldades para lidar com a raiva à medida que crescem, outras podem precisar de intervenção e apoio para aprender estratégias saudáveis de enfrentamento, conforme discutido nesta revisão baseada em pesquisas.
- Deffenbacher, J. L. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger in children. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 33(1), 1-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3091985/
- Burt, K. B., & Obradović, J. (2013). The construct of psychopathology in infancy and early childhood: Implications for the classification of developmental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 449-481.
- Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(1), 55-68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729194/
- McAdams, T. A., Gregory, A. M., & Eley, T. C. (2013). Genes of experience: Explaining the heritability of putative environmental variables through their association with behavioral and emotional traits. Behavior Genetics, 43(4), 314-328.
- Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Self-regulation and school readiness. Early Education and Development, 21(5), 681-698.
- Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. D. (2012). A developmental propensity model of the origins of conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. In Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 465-480). Springer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129985/
- Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J. (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(2), 199-206. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-10343-004
- Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(2), 317-333. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-22348-003
- Farmer, J. E., & Aman, M. G. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4: Adolescent version in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 742-752. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-010-1081-0
- Rothbaum, F., & Weisz, J. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 55-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-29453-001
- Murray-Close, D., Han, G., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. A. (2008). Neurocognitive Impairment in Children With Moderate to Severe Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 279–292.
- Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51(1), 162-170.
- Koss, K. J., George, M. R., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2011). Staying Involved When Emotions Run High: Emotion Regulation in the Context of Parental Separation. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 615–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025126
- Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., … Juhnke, C. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.195
- Potegal, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Temper tantrums in young children: 2. Tantrum duration and temporal organization. Emotion, 3(4), 38-48.
- Moreland, A. D., & Felton, J. W. (2013). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family functioning in African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 370-381.
- Coyne, S. M., Nelson, D. A., Lawton, F., Haslam, S. A., Rooney, L., & Titterington, L. (2011). “It’s a bit like grand theft auto, but you get to shoot”: Male perspectives on video games and violence. Sex roles, 64(11-12), 757-768.
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Children and Mental Health. Disponível em https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/index.shtml
- Kids Health. (2019). Helping Kids Handle Anger.
- American Psychological Association. (2021). Managing Your Anger. Disponível em https://www.apa.org/topics/anger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Positive Parenting Tips. Disponível em
- Child Mind Institute. (2022). Anger Management for Kids. Disponível em
Recursos
- World Health Organization. (s.d.). Adolescent mental health.
- American Psychological Association. (s.d.). Anger.
- National Health Service. (s.d.). Temper tantrums.
- World Health Organization. (2023). Child maltreatment.
- FindTreatment.gov. (findtreatment.gov).
- Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Egger, H., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2015). Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
- Woolfenden, S., Williams, K., & Peat, J. (2017). Family and parenting interventions for conduct disorder and delinquency in children and adolescents.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2013). Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: Recognition and management.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (s.d.). Conduct Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2022). Stress and substance use.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: A research-based guide.


