Written by: THE BALANCE
Medically reviewed by Dr. Sarah Boss, MD
Last updated: January 19, 2026
Fact checked
Quick Summary
  • Adrenal fatigue is a theory in holistic medicine that asserts that prolonged stress causes the adrenal glands to become exhausted and produce various general symptoms.
  • Adrenal fatigue is a term used to describe a condition where adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys are believed to underperform due to continued stress.
  • Before proceeding, it is crucial to note that adrenal fatigue is not an accepted medical condition by the medical fraternity.
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Adrenal fatigue is a theory in holistic medicine that asserts that prolonged stress causes the adrenal glands to become exhausted and produce various general symptoms. Although the condition is not acknowledged by conventional medical practice, a large number of individuals claim to have these symptoms and look for ways to enhance their vitality and health. 

To understand adrenal fatigue, one needs to consider how stress affects the body and the role of adrenal glands in managing stress.

Adrenal fatigue is a term used to describe a condition where adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys are believed to underperform due to continued stress. The adrenal glands are involved in the production of vital hormones such as cortisol, which assists the body in handling stress. 

According to the concept of adrenal fatigue, the adrenal glands are overworked by long-term stress, and they become fatigued, which results in several nonspecific symptoms [1].

Before proceeding, it is crucial to note that adrenal fatigue is not an accepted medical condition by the medical fraternity. It is a term commonly used in the practice of holistic healing but most physicians think that the symptoms that are associated with adrenal fatigue could be a sign of other illnesses.

How Does Adrenal Fatigue Develop?

The adrenal glands are triggered to release cortisol in response to stress. This is known as the ‘fight or flight’ response. This response is useful in conditions of acute stress and assists you in coping with existing problems. However, when stress is prolonged and constant, the adrenal glands are constantly signaled to make cortisol.

Several factors contribute to the overuse of the adrenal glands [1]:

Chronic Emotional Stress: This can be work-related stress, relationship stress, or stress due to changes in one’s life. Stressful emotions do not allow the cortisol level to return to normal quickly, and it remains high for a long time.

Poor Lifestyle Choices: Stress on the body due to lack of sleep, poor diet, and lack of exercise all add more stress to the adrenal glands.

Environmental Factors: Other factors that lead to an increased need for cortisol include toxins, pollution, and other factors in the environment.

Role Of Adrenal Glands And Mental Health

The adrenal glands are very important in mental health since they secrete hormones that impact the brain and emotions. Cortisol is one of the major hormones secreted by adrenal glands and it affects the information processing in the brain, stress, and mood regulation.

Cortisol And Stress Response: Cortisol aids the body in responding to stress by mobilizing energy, improving mental performance, and inhibiting other activities such as digestion. If cortisol levels are normal, one will be able to handle stress in a healthy way and without getting out of control.

Cortisol And Mood Regulation: Cortisol alters serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters which are known to be associated with mood. Normal cortisol levels ensure that an individual has a good feeling and does not develop any emotional issues. Abnormal secretion of cortisol causes fluctuations in mood, increased irritability, and sometimes even depression [2].

Cortisol And Cognitive Function: Optimal cortisol levels are crucial for memory, concentration, and decision-making processes in the human body. The constant stress and possible adrenal exhaustion may affect these functions and lead to problems with focus and clarity of the mind.

How Does Adrenal Fatigue Lead To Anxiety?

Anxiety is believed to be caused by adrenal fatigue due to an imbalance of cortisol in the body. This hormone affects the stress and emotional regulation in the brain directly. In cases where the adrenal glands are overproducing, cortisol levels are also high and in other instances, low levels of cortisol also result from overworking of the adrenal glands, both conditions lead to anxiety.

High Cortisol Levels: At the beginning of chronic stress, the adrenal glands may secrete too much cortisol. High cortisol levels increase the stress response in the brain and thus, increase anxiety and restlessness. This is often felt as a state of ‘fight or flight’ all the time [2].

Low Cortisol Levels: Based on the theory of adrenal fatigue, if the adrenal glands become fatigued the cortisol production may become insufficient over time. Low cortisol levels can therefore hinder the ability of the body to cope with stress and a person may feel stressed all the time [2].

Other ways adrenal fatigue may contribute to anxiety include:

Disrupted Sleep Patterns: Stress and cortisol disruption can cause sleep disorders, and lack of sleep which in turn worsens anxiety.

Blood Sugar Fluctuations: Cortisol plays the role of controlling blood glucose levels. Disparities can lead to hypoglycemia and this can lead to some of the symptoms related to anxiety such as trembling or becoming easily agitated.

Overall Fatigue: This makes it difficult to deal with stressors and this in turn makes one prone to anxiety.

Fatigue is a fairly common complaint; however, the causes may be quite diverse. Adrenal fatigue is a term used in holistic medicine to describe a certain type of fatigue that is said to be linked to the adrenal glands. It is crucial to know how adrenal fatigue is different from other types of fatigue to diagnose the actual problem.

Adrenal Fatigue And General Fatigue

There are several causes of general fatigue, including lack of sleep, lack of exercise, or short-term stress. Adrenal fatigue, on the other hand, is considered to be a result of stress that puts pressure on the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, and this results in an imbalance.

As opposed to general fatigue where a person can easily wake up refreshed, adrenal fatigue is when a person feels tired all the time regardless of how much rest they get. Adrenal fatigue sufferers complain of fatigue even after a full night’s sleep and may find it difficult to rise in the morning.

Adrenal Fatigue And Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a well-established medical diagnosis of chronic fatigue that is not relieved by rest and can be severely debilitating. Adrenal fatigue is not recognized as a medical condition and is believed to stem from chronic stress on the adrenal glands.

CFS comprises other symptoms such as muscle and joint pain, headaches, and memory problems, while adrenal fatigue is characterized by constant fatigue, inability to manage stress, and hunger for salty or sweet foods.

Adrenal Fatigue And Fatigue From Depression

Depression fatigue is commonly marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest in activities. Adrenal fatigue is also related to mood swings but it is more closely connected with stress and the physical signs of it such as poor sleep and food cravings.

People having adrenal fatigue complain of a range of symptoms. Some of these may present in different ways in men and women but are generally alike.

Common Symptoms In Both Men And Women

Most of the symptoms of adrenal fatigue are common to both men and women because they are a result of hormonal imbalances that are believed to be a result of the overworking of adrenal glands. Common symptoms include:

Chronic Fatigue: Fatigue or always feeling exhausted even when you have had adequate rest is one of the most common symptoms. Adrenal fatigue causes individuals to feel tired in the morning and may feel lethargic all day long.

Difficulty Concentrating: Also referred to as ‘fuzzy thinking’ it entails difficulty in concentration, memory loss, and a sense of confusion.

Cravings For Salty Or Sweet Foods: The body might crave salty snacks because of low levels of aldosterone, a hormone manufactured in the adrenal glands that controls the body’s sodium levels. Hunger for sweets may be a result of cortisol hormonal changes which affect the blood sugar levels [2].

Low Energy Levels: Lows in energy levels are often observed, particularly in the afternoon. Most individuals have the urge to take coffee or sweets to continue with their activities.

Sleep Disturbances: Common signs include inability to sleep, staying awake, or waking up tired.

Decreased Stress Tolerance: Stressors of daily living appear more demanding, and people take longer to recover from stressful events.

Mood Swings: It is possible to have mood swings, and be irritable, anxious, or depressed without any clear reason.

Symptoms Specific To Women

Although most symptoms are similar in both genders, female patients may also have certain manifestations associated with the interaction of adrenal hormones with female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Some symptoms include:

Menstrual Irregularities: Women who suffer from adrenal fatigue may experience changes in their menstrual periods such as irregularities, increased flow, decreased flow, or even absence of flow. This is because cortisol is known to suppress the synthesis of sex hormones.

PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome): PMS symptoms may worsen, with higher levels of irritability, mood swings, and fatigue before the onset of menstruation [1].

Lowered Libido: The sexual desire is normally reduced; this is because of hormonal changes that occur during the process.

Weight Gain: This is mainly around the waist area because cortisol impacts metabolism and fat accumulation.

Symptoms Specific To Men

Male adrenal fatigue symptoms are also individual and are mainly connected with the effects of cortisol on testosterone levels. These include:

Reduced Muscle Mass: It can be difficult for men to gain muscle and muscle mass even if they engage in regular exercise. This is because cortisol can be used to break down muscle tissue for energy when the levels are high.

Lower Testosterone Levels: Low levels of testosterone are a common effect of adrenal fatigue and might present themselves in the form of low sexual drive, impotence, and low endurance.

Irritability And Anger: Although mood swings can affect both genders, men are more likely to develop irritability, frustration, and anger resulting from hormonal fluctuations.

Difficulty Recovering From Exercise: Men with adrenal fatigue may feel drained after exercising and may take longer to recuperate from the exercises.

When adrenal glands are overworked, they can result in adrenal fatigue, or when chronic stress makes it difficult for the glands to produce enough cortisol and similar hormones. Treatment of this disease entails the adoption of some measures that will enhance the function of adrenal glands and at the same time, minimize stress.

Stress Management

Practice Relaxation Techniques: Try to practice relaxation techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga in your everyday life to decrease stress and thus, the load on the adrenal glands.

Set Boundaries: Manage your time well and know when to decline other assignments since they will only add to your workload.

Take Breaks: It is advisable to take short breaks from work throughout the day particularly if one is experiencing chronic stress.

Healthy Diet

Eat Balanced Meals: Concentrate on the consumption of unprocessed foods and ensure you take a lot of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. These nutrients are beneficial in maintaining health and in the regulation of blood sugar levels, which is vital for adrenal glands.

Avoid Stimulants: Reduce or exclude caffeine, sugars, and processed foods because they put pressure on the adrenal glands and produce energy swings.

Stay Hydrated: Take a lot of water during the day to maintain the body’s hydration and ensure that all the body organs are working as they are supposed to.

Adequate Sleep

Prioritize Sleep: The recommended amount of sleep each night is 7-9 hours. Staying consistent with bedtime helps to balance cortisol levels and let the body rest after stress.

Create A Bedtime Routine: Avoid watching TV or using electronic devices just before going to bed, as this will make your body remain awake.

Regular Exercise

Engage In Moderate Exercise: Activities such as walking, swimming, or cycling should be done regularly since they reduce stress and improve adrenal function. But do not overdo the exercises, as this may put more pressure on the adrenal glands than is necessary.

Practice Mindfulness During Exercise: Engage in exercises that are not very vigorous but that will require some effort and time like practicing Tai or Yoga.

The best treatments for adrenal fatigue are usually a combination of dietary changes, medications, therapies, and other conventional and non-conventional treatments.

Medications

There are no drugs that are specifically developed for the treatment of adrenal fatigue, but some health professionals may prescribe supplements or even hormone replacement therapy.

Adaptogenic Herbs: Herbs such as ashwagandha, Rhodiola, and ginseng are considered to have adaptogenic properties which help the body cope with stress and support the adrenals. These herbs are used in folk medicine for their ability to regulate cortisol levels in the body.

Cortisol Replacement Therapy: In extreme instances, some physicians may recommend that patients take small amounts of hydrocortisone, which is a synthetic cortisol. This approach is used more frequently in conditions such as Addison’s disease, in which cortisol synthesis is severely affected [1].

Vitamin And Mineral Supplements: Adrenal health is usually supplemented by B vitamins, vitamin C, and magnesium. These nutrients help in the generation of energy, handling of stress, and regulation of hormones [2].

Therapies

There are many approaches to addressing stress, healing the adrenals, and improving health. These therapies are usually combined with other changes in lifestyle or diets and other supplements.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a form of ‘talk’ therapy that assists individuals in modifying unhelpful cognitive processes and behaviors that cause stress. This therapy is rather helpful in regulating the emotional impact of adrenal fatigue and general stress.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): MBSR is a program that combines mindfulness meditation with gentle yoga that assists people in reducing stress and enhancing their mental and physical well-being. Stress management through the practice of mindfulness has been found to reduce stress and the workload on the adrenal glands.

Massage Therapy: It is recommended that people should take massages to ease tension in the muscles and decrease stress. Massage therapy may be beneficial to the adrenal system since it helps in the reduction of the physical manifestations of stress.

Alternative Treatments

Along with the traditional treatments, adrenal fatigue is treated with other methods used by many people. These treatments are based on natural treatments and other practices that are meant to bring balance to the body.

Herbal remedies: Apart from adaptogenic herbs, other herbs such as licorice root and holy basil are used to treat the adrenals. For instance, licorice root is believed to increase cortisol’s half-life, enabling the body to maintain a stable level.

Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a form of complementary and alternative medicine that originated in China and involves the insertion of thin needles into the body for therapeutic purposes. Some people have experienced adrenal fatigue and get relief by going for acupuncture treatment since it is believed to have a relaxing effect on the adrenal glands.

Aromatherapy: Lavender, chamomile, and rosemary are some of the oils that are used in aromatherapy to enable the body to relax and get rid of stress. These oils can be inhaled or used in massage to reduce stress and promote general health and well-being.

FAQs

Which Gland Produces Chemicals That Help With Feelings Of Excitement Or Stress?
Adrenal glands secrete hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol that assist the body to cope with stress and excitement. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is secreted during the “fight or flight” response and raises heart rate and energy levels. Cortisol is involved in the control of various functions of the body during stress such as metabolic and immune functions.
How Does The Adrenal Gland Interact With The Brain During Stress?
The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that work with the brain through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Whenever the brain detects stress, it triggers the adrenal glands to release cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help the body to prepare for stress but the constant activation of this axis results in what some call adrenal fatigue.
Does Adrenal Fatigue Impact Mental Health Beyond Anxiety?
Yes, adrenal fatigue is also believed to impact the mental health of a person in a way that is not limited to anxiety. Long-term stress and possible adrenal imbalance result in mood swings, irritability, and even depression. High cortisol levels may alter the functioning of neurotransmitters, which are responsible for regulating mood.
Is There Any Particular Diet That Is Recommended For People With Adrenal Fatigue?
People who are worried about adrenal fatigue are advised to take natural foods including vegetables, fruits, lean meats, and other healthy fats. Consumption of processed foods, caffeine, and sugar is discouraged to further burden the adrenal glands and regulate blood sugar.
What Is The Difference Between Adrenal Fatigue And An Adrenal Gland Disorder Such As Addison’s Disease?
Adrenal fatigue according to holistic medicine is a condition that arises from stress where the adrenal glands are unable to perform their functions well. On the other hand, Addison’s disease is a well-established disease in which the adrenal glands are unable to produce adequate hormones because of damage or impaired function. Addison’s disease is a condition that has to be treated with the help of medications while adrenal fatigue is treated with the help of lifestyle changes and other complementary therapies.

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