Written by: THE BALANCE
Medically reviewed by Dr. Sarah Boss, MD
Last updated: January 21, 2026
Fact checked
Quick Summary
  • Wellbutrin, also known by its generic name bupropion, is an antidepressant commonly prescribed to address major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder.
  • Its pharmacological profile distinguishes it from other antidepressants, as it mainly affects norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters rather than serotonin.
  • Recently, Wellbutrin has received attention for its possible benefits in controlling anxiety, although it is not conventionally listed as an anxiolytic.
Reading time: 13 min

Wellbutrin, also known by its generic name bupropion, is an antidepressant commonly prescribed to address major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder. Its pharmacological profile distinguishes it from other antidepressants, as it mainly affects norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters rather than serotonin. Recently, Wellbutrin has received attention for its possible benefits in controlling anxiety, although it is not conventionally listed as an anxiolytic. This medication’s application for anxiety requires careful consideration because of its stimulating effects, which can sometimes worsen symptoms in specific individuals.

The examination of Wellbutrin as a treatment option for anxiety shows a growing interest in alternative treatments that deviate from conventional anxiolytics. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which Wellbutrin may improve anxiety, with its potential risks and benefits, is crucial. This article explores Wellbutrin’s effectiveness, safety, and place in anxiety treatment.

Bupropion works through a distinctive mechanism that sets it apart from other typically prescribed antidepressants. Understanding how Wellbutrin works requires an examination of its impact on the brain’s neurotransmitter systems:

Norepinephrine and Dopamine Modulation

Wellbutrin primarily influences two key neurotransmitters vital to mood regulation, motivation, and cognitive function. These include:

  • Norepinephrine: Wellbutrin acts as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). By inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, Wellbutrin increases its availability in the synaptic cleft. This increased presence of norepinephrine can improve energy levels, focus, and mood, which are usually impaired in people with mental disorders like anxiety and depression.
  • Dopamine: Bupropion also functions as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI), enhancing the availability of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is closely linked to the brain’s reward system, and its increased presence can result in anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure), often observed in depression. Moreover, dopamine’s role in motivation and reward processing may improve specific symptoms of anxiety, specifically those related to low energy and motivation.

Dual Action and Anxiety Implications

The dual action of Wellbutrin on norepinephrine and dopamine offers a unique therapeutic profile compared to other antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). While this mechanism is effective in treating depression, its impact on anxiety is more complex and may include:

  • Stimulatory Effects: The increase in norepinephrine and dopamine can stimulate the central nervous system. For some individuals, this can decrease depressive symptoms but may also cause arousal or jitteriness. This stimulatory effect necessitates careful monitoring, mainly when Wellbutrin is prescribed for anxiety.
  • Potential Anxiolytic Benefits: Despite its stimulating properties, Wellbutrin’s influence on dopamine levels can relax some individuals. The improvement in motivation and reduction in anhedonia may indirectly decrease anxiety by improving overall well-being and functioning.

Although Bupropion has garnered considerable interest, its application in treating anxiety remains a topic of ongoing research till now, with mixed results emerging from various studies.

Overview of Clinical Studies

Research on Wellbutrin’s efficacy in treating anxiety is somewhat limited compared to its established role in depression. However, some studies have explored its potential benefits. For instance, a study [1] on Wellbutrin’s impacts found that it may offer some anxiolytic effects, specifically in patients with comorbid depression and anxiety. This research accentuated that while Wellbutrin was not created as an anxiolytic, its effects on norepinephrine and dopamine may assist in relieving anxiety in some cases.

A randomized controlled trial [2] on the effects of Wellbutrin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) reported that while the drug was well-tolerated, its effectiveness in reducing anxiety symptoms was not as pronounced as in treating depressive symptoms. These results suggest that while Wellbutrin may help alleviate anxiety for some, it may not be as effective as other medications specifically made for anxiety.

Comparative Effectiveness

When compared to more conventional anxiolytics like SSRIs, Wellbutrin’s efficacy for anxiety appears less consistent. SSRIs are generally preferred for anxiety due to their well-documented efficacy across various anxiety disorders. However, for patients who do not respond well to SSRIs or experience adverse effects, Bupropion may offer a viable alternative, specifically when anxiety is secondary to depression.

When considering Wellbutrin for anxiety, it is essential to compare its effectiveness with other commonly prescribed anxiety medications:

Wellbutrin vs. SSRIs

According to research, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are typically the first choice for treating anxiety disorders [3]. These medications have a well-established record of success in reducing anxiety symptoms across various conditions, such as panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). SSRIs work by increasing serotonin levels, which stabilizes mood and reduces anxiety.

Conversely, Wellbutrin does not target serotonin, but it can also be beneficial for anxiety in specific cases, particularly for individuals who are not satisfied with SSRIs. While SSRIs are more reliable for anxiety, Wellbutrin offers another option for those who experience adverse side effects or insufficient relief with SSRIs.

Wellbutrin vs. SNRIs

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are another common choice for anxiety. SNRIs, like SSRIs, are effective because they target neurotransmitters associated with mood regulation. However, they also influence norepinephrine, which helps with energy levels and focus, 

Wellbutrin’s influence on norepinephrine might make it a reasonable alternative to SNRIs, particularly for individuals needing an additional energy and focus boost. However, unlike SNRIs, Wellbutrin does not affect serotonin, so it may not be as widely effective for anxiety.

Wellbutrin vs. Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are known for their quick action in reducing acute anxiety symptoms. They are often used for short-term relief, but long-term use is not recommended. According to studies and many case studies, benzodiazepines have a high risk of dependence [4]. On the other hand, Wellbutrin is intended for long-term use and does not carry the same risks associated with benzodiazepines. While it does not offer the immediate relief that benzodiazepines can provide, it can be helpful for ongoing anxiety management, specifically in those who need a long-term solution.

Wellbutrin vs. Atypical Antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics are sometimes prescribed off-label for anxiety, particularly in cases where other treatments have failed. These medications are potent but can cause significant side effects, including weight gain and sedation. Wellbutrin, with its relatively mild side effect profile, can be a better option for patients who need ongoing treatment without severe side effects.

While Wellbutrin may be effective in specific cases, it can cause many adverse effects, such as the following:

Common Side Effects

Wellbutrin is generally well-tolerated, but like all medicines, it has some side effects that patients may experience. These side effects are often mild but can be bothersome for some individuals.

  • Insomnia: One of the most commonly reported side effects of Wellbutrin is insomnia. Due to its stimulating properties, Bupropion can disrupt sleep patterns, causing difficulty falling or staying asleep. The impact can be specifically challenging for individuals with anxiety, as lack of sleep may worsen their symptoms.
  • Dry Mouth: Another side effect of Wellbutrin is dry mouth, which causes discomfort and an increased risk of dental issues. To manage this side effect, patients must stay hydrated and practice good oral hygiene.
  • Headaches: Some individuals may experience headaches when starting Wellbutrin. These headaches are usually transient and may reduce as the body adjusts to the medication.

Psychological Effects

In addition to physical side effects, Wellbutrin can have psychological effects that are uncomfortable, especially for anxiety patients. While it can improve mood and reduce depressive symptoms, its stimulating nature can also lead to unintended consequences.

  • Increased Anxiety: Paradoxically, Wellbutrin can increase anxiety in some cases, especially in the early stages of treatment. The stimulating effects can increase alertness and arousal, which may cause an increase in anxiety for some individuals. This impact necessitates close monitoring by healthcare providers, specifically when prescribing Wellbutrin for anxiety.
  • Agitation and Irritability: Along with increased anxiety, some individuals report increased agitation or irritability. This side effect is observed mainly in individuals who are sensitive to stimulant-like medicines or who have undiagnosed anxiety disorders.

Severe and Rare Side Effects

While most side effects of Wellbutrin are mild, some individuals experience more severe and less common adverse effects. These effects are rare but require immediate medical attention if they occur.

  • Seizures: One of the most severe risks associated with Wellbutrin is the possibility of seizures. The risk is higher in patients with certain pre-existing conditions, such as a history of seizures, eating disorders, or heavy alcohol use. Because of this risk, Wellbutrin is generally prescribed at lower doses initially, gradually increasing the patient’s tolerance.
  • Hypertension: Wellbutrin can increase blood pressure, which may be problematic for individuals with pre-existing hypertension or cardiovascular issues. Regular blood pressure monitoring is recommended for patients on Wellbutrin, especially if they are at risk for hypertension.
  • Allergic Reactions: Although rare, some individuals may experience severe allergic reactions to Wellbutrin, including rash, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. These reactions require immediate discontinuation of the medication and urgent medical care.

While Bupropion can help in treating anxiety for some individuals, managing its adverse effects is essential to ensure a successful treatment outcome. The following strategies may be used to mitigate the impact:

Dosage Adjustment

One of the main methods for managing side effects is adjusting the dosage of Wellbutrin. Starting at a lower dose and slowly increasing it assists the body to adapt to the medication, potentially decreasing the severity of side effects such as insomnia, anxiety, and agitation. Healthcare providers usually begin with the lowest effective dose and closely examine the patient’s response before adjusting. If side effects become too bothersome, a dosage reduction may be required.

Timing of Administration

The timing of Wellbutrin doses can significantly impact the severity of specific side effects, mainly insomnia and increased anxiety. Taking Wellbutrin in the morning rather than later in the day can help reduce sleep disturbances, as it gives time for the medication’s stimulating effects to decrease before bedtime. Additionally, spacing out doses evenly throughout the day can prevent spikes in anxiety or irritability, providing a more balanced and manageable experience.

Combining with Other Medications

In some cases, combining Wellbutrin with other medicines can help mitigate specific side effects. For instance, if a patient experiences increased anxiety or insomnia, a healthcare provider may prescribe a mild sedative or sleep aid to counteract these effects. Similarly, if Wellbutrin causes an increase in blood pressure, an antihypertensive medication may be given to maintain healthy blood pressure levels.

Regular Monitoring and Communication

Communication between the patient and healthcare provider is essential when taking Wellbutrin for GAD. Regular follow-up appointments are typically required to monitor side effects, adjust treatment plans, and treat any issues that may arise. Patients should report any new or worsening effects immediately, as addressing the problem promptly can prevent more severe complications.

Managing the side effects of Wellbutrin through lifestyle modifications can significantly improve comfort and well-being. The following effective strategies can help:

  • Opt for a Balanced Diet: A nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support general health and counteract appetite changes or gastrointestinal discomfort associated with Wellbutrin.
  • Establish a Relaxing Evening Routine: To combat insomnia, create a bedtime routine that induces relaxation. Consider activities like reading, deep breathing, or practicing gentle stretching exercises.
  • Limit Alcohol and Nicotine: Both alcohol and nicotine can interact negatively with Wellbutrin, possibly increasing the risk of adverse effects like irritability and agitation. Therefore, it is better to avoid these substances while taking the medicine.
  • Use a Humidifier: If dry mouth is an issue, using a humidifier at night can add moisture to the air, helping to improve dryness and discomfort during sleep.

The use of Wellbutrin for anxiety presents a nuanced option within anxiety treatments. While not traditionally considered a first-line medicine for anxiety, Wellbutrin’s distinct mechanism and potential benefits make it a suitable alternative for specific individuals, particularly those with comorbid depression or who have not responded well to other medications. However, the decision to use Wellbutrin must be carefully considered along with the possibility of side effects, and its suitability should be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

Managing the side effects of Wellbutrin, such as insomnia, increased anxiety, and hypertension, is necessary to achieve successful results. Through personalized treatment approaches, including dosage adjustments, timing strategies, and supportive therapies, patients can maximize the benefits of Bupropion while reducing its risks. As with any medicine, communication and monitoring between the patient and healthcare provider are essential to ensure the treatment’s efficacy and safety. Overall, Wellbutrin offers a valuable option in anxiety management, particularly when customized to the needs and responses of the individual patient.

[1] Does Bupropion Increase Anxiety? A Naturalistic Study Over 12 Weeks. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023 Mar-Apr;43(2):152-156.

[2] Bystritsky A, Kerwin L, Feusner JD, Vapnik T. A pilot controlled trial of bupropion XL versus escitalopram in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41(1):46-51.

[3] Cassano GB, Baldini Rossi N, Pini S. Psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2002 Sep;4(3):271-85.

[4] Owen RT, Tyrer P. Benzodiazepine dependence: A review of the evidence. Drugs. 1983 Apr;25(4):385-98.

FAQs

How long does bupropion take to work for anxiety?
Wellbutrin generally takes several weeks to begin showing noticeable effects on anxiety symptoms. While some individuals experience improvements within the first week or two, it usually takes four to six weeks for the full benefits of the medicine to show. This timeline can vary depending on individual response and dosage. Patients must maintain consistent communication with their healthcare provider during this period to monitor progress and make necessary adjustments.
 Is Wellbutrin good for anxiety in combination with other anti-anxiety drugs?
Wellbutrin can be used in combination with other anti-anxiety medications, specifically when a single medication does not fully address a patient’s symptoms. For example, it may be prescribed alongside SSRIs or benzodiazepines to improve treatment effectiveness. However, combining medicine should always be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider to manage potential interactions and side effects.
Does Wellbutrin require a prescription?
Yes, Wellbutrin requires a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. The medication must be prescribed after thoroughly examining the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and overall health. A prescription ensures the medication is used appropriately and that the patient is checked for potential side effects or interactions with other drugs.
Can Wellbutrin interact with other drugs?
Wellbutrin can interact with other medicines, impacting its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. For example, Wellbutrin can interact with other antidepressants, antipsychotics, and medications that lower the seizure threshold. Patients are encouraged to inform their healthcare provider of all medicines they take, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, to avoid harmful interactions.
What happens in the case of a Wellbutrin overdose?
A Wellbutrin overdose can be severe and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an overdose may include seizures, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, rapid or irregular heartbeats, and severe agitation. It is necessary to seek emergency medical help if an overdose is suspected.

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