Written by: THE BALANCE
Medically reviewed by Dr. Sarah Boss, MD
Last updated: January 21, 2026
Fact checked
Quick Summary
  • With evolving research, the scientific community has unraveled a close connection between the digestive system and mental health.
  • This unique connection, especially in terms of gut health and anxiety, has garnered massive attention, over the past few years.
  • Often referred to as the gut-brain axis, this intricate relationship highlights how the digestive system can directly influence your mental well-being.

With evolving research, the scientific community has unraveled a close connection between the digestive system and mental health. This unique connection, especially in terms of gut health and anxiety, has garnered massive attention, over the past few years. Often referred to as the gut-brain axis, this intricate relationship highlights how the digestive system can directly influence your mental well-being. [1]

To understand this link and use it to benefit the gut and mental health, it is essential to understand it both individually and as a single unit that works bi-directionally.

Also known as the gastrointestinal tract, the gut is a complex system in the human body responsible for breaking down and processing food. The system begins from the mouth and ends at the anus, while surpassing many essential organs in the way, such as the stomach, intestines, and colon. Some crucial gut functions include nutrient absorption and processing, digestion, and waste elimination. However, more recent research has confirmed its role in many other processes, such as regulating mental health.

Hidden within the gut is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons, which is known as the enteric nervous system. [2] This network closely communicates with the brain through hormonal, neural, and immune system pathways, forming the gut-brain axis. This axis has a bi-directional relationship, meaning both the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system influence each other’s function.

Apart from the enteric nervous system, the gut shelters a community of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. These populations comprising trillions of these organisms collectively form the microbiome and play an active role in regulating various body functions. For instance, these microorganisms support digestive processes, regulate the immune system, and produce essential vitamins. More importantly, the gut microbiome also synthesizes neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which impact the nervous system and regulate the mood. [3]

It is common for everyone to experience some form of anxiety from time to time. However, when the issue becomes more persistent and severe and prevents a person from living their daily life, it is known as anxiety disorder. Experts describe anxiety disorders as a group of conditions closely connected that cause persistent worry or fear in situations that do not seem threatening.

Some common symptoms of an anxiety disorder include the following:

  • Irritability and restlessness
  • Stomach-churning
  • Racing heartbeat
  • Feelings of dread or apprehension
  • Shortness of breath
  • Insomnia
  • Diarrhea
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent urination
  • Feeling jumpy or tense
  • Headache
  • Sweating
  • Twitching or tremors
  • Persistently anticipating the worst in every situation
  • Always being in hypervigilant mode, watching out for signs of danger

As mentioned above, the gut-brain axis is a powerful communication network in the human body that closely links the cognitive and emotional centers in the brain with the intestinal functions. Multiple pathways control this axis, such as the hormonal, immune, and nervous systems.

Mentioned below are the proposed theories that relate anxiety and the gut:

  • Neural Connections: The vagus nerve is termed the key player that regulates the gut-brain axis. By transmitting signals between the brain and the gut, this nerve allows both systems to influence each other. For instance, it can cause stress to trigger digestive issues while gut inflammation to trigger mood disorders, like anxiety.
  • Endocrine Connections: A lot of research has been done to explore the link between gut microbiome and anxiety. The microbiome triggers the production of various hormones, including cortisol, the stress hormone. When there is an imbalance in the gut bacteria, it alters the cortisol levels, triggering anxiety.
  • Immune Connections: Research suggests that up to 70 percent of the immune cells in the body are present in the gut. [4] The immune cells secrete cytokines, natural chemicals that directly influence the brain function. When the gut is chronically inflamed, such as in irritable bowel syndrome and other similar gut issues, it elevates the cytokine levels, leading to anxiety and depression.

Research confirms a strong correlation between gut health and anxiety through the following mechanisms:

Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis defines any imbalance in the gut microbiome. This imbalance is often strong enough to disrupt the natural production of neurotransmitters by these bacterial colonies, leading to mood dysregulation. Studies have found that many anxious individuals have imbalances in their microbiomes, further confirming the link between gut bacteria and anxiety.

Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is a key factor affecting the brain’s functions. Any inflammatory gut disease releases pro-inflammatory markers that cross the blood-brain barrier to affect brain areas directly involved in mood regulation, such as the amygdala and hippocampus. This dysregulation can set the stage for anxiety disorders.

Heightened Stress Response

Having a healthy population of gut bacteria ensures optimal stress response. Conversely, an unhealthy gut can exacerbate the natural stress response, pushing an individual into a hypervigilant state. When this goes on for a long time, it can lead to anxiety disorders.

Leaky Gut Syndrome

Leaky gut syndrome is a disorder that increases intestinal permeability, allowing toxins and undigested food to enter the bloodstream. This hyperpermeability causes system-wide inflammation and triggers the immune system to respond to these toxins. With time, the persistently high inflammation levels cause anxiety and other mood disorders. [5]

Diet plays a significant role in maintaining gut health and mental well-being. Many food items promote healthy gut bacteria while others can cause imbalances. Following are the foods to eat and avoid to ensure a healthy balance:

  • Fiber-Rich Foods: Dietary fiber, naturally found in vegetables, fruit, legumes, and whole grains, is a source of healthy food for the gut bacteria. Hence, eating a diet rich in fiber can address the imbalances in the microbiome and lower anxiety levels.
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Naturally found in walnuts, flaxseeds, and fatty fish, omega-3s possess strong anti-inflammatory properties. Supplementing these fatty acids can lower inflammation levels and regulate anxiety in a better way.
  • Fermented Foods: Foods like kimchi, sauerkraut, kefir, kombucha, and yogurt contain probiotics that directly influence and improve gut health. Consuming these fermented foods regularly has reportedly been linked to reduced anxiety levels and better mood regulation.
  • Water: Maintaining an adequate hydration level is essential for the gut and overall health. Having enough water in the system strengthens the mucosal lining in the intestines while supporting the gut bacteria which, by extension, improves anxiety.
  • Processed Sugars and Foods: Eating a diet rich in refined sugars, unhealthy fats, and processed foods can cause inflammation and dysbiosis. Cutting them down, in contrast, can maintain a healthy gut and control anxiety levels.

In addition to dietary modification, other aspects of everyday life also impact the gut health and anxiety levels. These factors include the following:

  • Exercise: Regular workouts can promote a well-balanced gut microbiome while reducing inflammation. Exercise also triggers the release of endorphins, natural chemicals that alleviate anxiety and improve mood.
  • Stress Management: Chronic stress is closely linked with dysbiosis and mood disorders. It can also increase intestinal permeability, making anxiety more likely. Keeping stress in control through mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, and other stress management techniques can support gut health and reduce the risk of anxiety.
  • Sleep Routine: Getting high-quality sleep is essential to maintain gut health. Poor sleep can disrupt the gut bacteria, increase inflammation, and elevate the risk of anxiety. Experts recommend establishing a regular sleep routine in a peaceful environment to influence gut health and overall mental health positively.
  • Antibiotics & Other Medicines: While antibiotics are indicated to manage bacterial infections, they can also imbalance the gut microbiome. Hence, experts advise using them judiciously and consider using probiotics to compensate for this imbalance where needed. Other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also negatively affect gut health. Hence, observe caution while using them, especially in the long run.

Prebiotics and probiotics have gained popularity for their potential to positively influence gut health. Probiotics include live bacteria that improve the gut microbiome whereas prebiotics include non-digestible fibers that serve as food for them. Psychobiotics is a new term that provides the body with a combination of prebiotics and probiotics to improve mental health. [6]

  • Prebiotics: Prebiotics like fructooligosaccharides and inulin support the health of the gut microbiome and keep anxiety and other mental health disorders at bay. In addition to getting them through supplements, consider getting them through natural foods, like onions, garlic, asparagus, and bananas.
  • Probiotics: Research suggests that probiotics can cut down inflammation and modulate the gut microbiome to reduce the symptoms of anxiety and other mental health disorders. Some common probiotic strains to use for better mental health include Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
  • Psychobiotics: It includes a special class of probiotics with the ability to produce various components for mental health. By secreting anti-inflammatory chemicals, neurotransmitters, and certain hormones, they can influence mental health and the gut.

Where lifestyle changes and dietary modifications are not successful in managing gut health issues and anxiety, it becomes essential to get professional assistance. Various healthcare providers, such as dieticians, doctors, and mental health professionals, can provide personalized advice and plan of care according to individual circumstances.

The following are the components of a professional treatment program for gut health and anxiety:

  • Medical Evaluation: Struggling with persistent digestive issues and anxiety warrants a thorough medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions. Problems like inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and IBS can cause gut issues and mental health problems.
  • Dietary Advice: Qualified dieticians can provide you with tailored advice to support gut health and manage anxiety in a better way. With their help, you can identify food intolerances, include appropriate supplements, and make balanced meal plans.
  • Counseling and Therapy: Mental health experts can help with anxiety management through various therapeutic approaches. Cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT is one of these interventions that help individuals break the negative cycle of anxiety and adopt healthier habits. [7]
  • Integrative Approaches: Some people require an integrated management plan that combines conventional treatments with complementary therapies, such as mindfulness, herbal medicine, and acupuncture.

With the sharp rise in the global burden of gut issues and mental health disorders, experts are dedicated to uncovering new treatment plans to manage both together. At present, the following prospects are being looked into:

  • Microbiome-targeted Therapies: Ongoing research is exploring the role of microbiomes in managing mood disorders. Fecal microbiota transplantation or FMT and microbiome-based drugs are the two main areas being explored to provide individualized treatment for anxiety and other mood disorders.
  • Personalized Medicine: As experts continue to uncover more about the gut microbiome, they aim to provide more specific and targeted treatment for gut issues and anxiety based on their unique gut bacterial composition. The aim is to maximize the outcomes of treatment while minimizing side effects.
  • Integrative Gut-Brain Health Programs: The popularity of holistic programs that combine stress management, diet planning, mental health support, and exercise are becoming more widely available. With this program, individuals have a better chance to improve both mental health and gut issues in a shorter time.

The intricate relationship between gut health and anxiety indicates a complex interplay between mental and physical well-being. Understanding how the gut-brain axis works and the connection between gut bacteria and anxiety provide valuable insights into how to support overall health.

The best way to manage both gut health issues and anxiety is through an integrative approach that combines stress management, a healthy diet, and exercise. Professional guidance must be sought as needed to nurture the gut and mind. Ongoing research exploring these domains brings hope for new and improved approaches for a better quality of life for individuals with gut health issues and anxiety.

[1] Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology. Frontiers in immunology. 2020 Dec 10;11:604179.

[2] Geng ZH, Zhu Y, Li QL, Zhao C, Zhou PH. Enteric nervous system: the bridge between the gut microbiota and neurological disorders. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2022 Apr 19;14:810483.

[3] Chaudhry TS, Senapati SG, Gadam S, Mannam HP, Voruganti HV, Abbasi Z, Abhinav T, Challa AB, Pallipamu N, Bheemisetty N, Arunachalam SP. The impact of microbiota on the gut–brain axis: Examining the complex interplay and implications. Journal of clinical m

[4] Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiology of stress. 2017 Dec 1;7:124-36.

[5] Maes M. The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuroendocrinology letters. 2008 Jun 1;29(3):287-91.

[6] Bistas KG, Tabet JP. The Benefits of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Mental Health. Cureus. 2023 Aug;15(8).

[7] Wang Z, Liu S, Xu X, Xiao Y, Yang M, Zhao X, Jin C, Hu F, Yang S, Tang B, Song C. Gut microbiota associated with effectiveness and responsiveness to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in improving trait anxiety. Frontiers in cellular and infection microb

FAQs

How can gut health affect anxiety?
There are different ways in which gut health can cause anxiety. Any imbalances in the gut microbiome disrupt the production of mood-regulating neurotransmitters, leading to anxiety. An unhealthy gut is also known to trigger the body’s stress response, contributing to anxiety. Lastly, certain pro-inflammatory gut issues, such as IBS and leaky gut, also interrupt mood regulation, making you more anxious.
How can I know if my gut health is poor?
Following are the signs to look out for if you believe you have poor gut health:
 
Food intolerances
Digestive issues, such as diarrhea, constipation, gas, and bloating
Skin problems like acne and eczema
Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety
Chronic fatigue
Frequent illnesses or infections
Can antibiotics affect my gut and anxiety levels?
Antibiotics can imbalance the beneficial bacteria in the gut by possibly killing some of them. This disruption triggers dysbiosis that causes inflammation and dysregulates the production of mood-regulating hormones, consequently heightening anxiety levels. Taking probiotics to restore the gut microbiome is imperative to keep things in control.
When should I talk to a professional about my gut health and anxiety?
Consider getting professional help if you have:
 
Persistent, severe anxiety that continues to interfere with your daily life
Symptoms of an underlying gut issue, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and IBS
Chronic digestive problems unresponsive to lifestyle management

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